Proto-Sinaitic/Proto-Canaanite 19 c. BCE

• Ugaritic 15 c. BCE
• Phoenician 12 c. BCE
  • Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. BCE
    • Samaritan 6 c. BCE
  • Aramaic 8 c. BCE
    • Kharoṣṭhī 6 c. BCE
    • Brāhmī & Indic 6 c. BCE
      • Brahmic abugidas
        • Devanagari 13 c. CE
    • Hebrew 3 c. BCE
    • Thaana 4 c. BCE
    • Pahlavi 3 c. BCE
      • Avestan 4 c. CE
    • Palmyrene 2 c. BCE
    • Syriac 2 c. BCE
      • Sogdian 2 c. BCE
        • Orkhon (Old Turkic) 6 c. CE
          • Old Hungarian ca. 650
        • Old Uyghur
          • Mongolian 1204 hh
      • Nabataean 2 c. BCE
        • Arabic 4 c. CE
    • Mandaic 2 c. CE
  • Greek 8 c. BCE
    • Etruscan 8 c. BCE
      • Latin 7 c. BCE
      • Runic 2 c. CE
    • Coptic 3 c. CE
    • Gothic 3 c. CE
    • Armenian 405
    • Georgian (disputed) ca. 430 CE
    • Glagolitic 862
    • Cyrillic ca. 940
  • Paleohispanic 7 c. BCE
  • Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. BCE
    • Ge’ez 5–6 c. BCE

The runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters known as runes to write various Germanic languages prior to the adoption of the Latin alphabet and for specialized purposes thereafter. The Scandinavian variants are also known as futhark (or fuþark, derived from their first six letters of the alphabet: F, U, Þ, A, R, and K); the Anglo-Saxon variant is futhorc (due to sound changes undergone in Old English by the same six letters). Runology is the study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history. Runology forms a specialized branch of Germanic linguistics.

The earliest runic inscriptions date from around A.D. 150. The characters were generally replaced by the Latin alphabet as the cultures that had used runes underwent Christianization by around A.D. 700 in central Europe and by around A.D. 1100 in Northern Europe. However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes in Northern Europe. Until the early twentieth century runes were used in rural Sweden for decoration purposes in Dalarna and on Runic calendars.

The three best-known runic alphabets are the Elder Futhark (around 150 to 800 AD), the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc (400 to 1100 AD), and the Younger Futhark (800–1100). The Younger Futhark is further divided into the long-branch runes (also called Danish, although they were also used in Norway and Sweden), short-branch or Rök runes (also called Swedish-Norwegian, although they were also used in Denmark), and the stavesyle or Hälsinge runes (staveless runes). The Younger Futhark developed further into the Marcomannic runes, the Medieval runes (1100 AD to 1500 AD), and the Dalecarlian runes (around 1500 to 1800 AD).

The origins of the runic alphabet are uncertain. Many characters of the Elder Futhark bear a close resemblance to characters from the Latin alphabet. Other candidates are the 5th to 1st century BC Northern Italic alphabets: Lepontic, Rhaetic and Venetic, all of which are closely related to each other and descend from the Old Italic alphabet.